水稻籽粒碳氮代谢与品质性状间遗传相关性的研究

研究分析水稻籽粒C、N代谢与稻米主要品质性状间遗传相关性结果表明,水稻籽粒C、N代谢与稻米主要品质性状间有一定遗传相关性,提高可溶性糖含量,则糖氮比显著提高,糙米长、千粒重和直链淀粉含量显著降低;提高全N含量可能显著提高糙米厚和直链淀粉含量,而糖氮比、糙米长和千粒重随之显著降低;随糖氮比的提高,糙米厚、千粒重和直链淀粉含量将显著降低。种子、细胞质和母体植株3套遗传体系同时对成对性状的遗传相关性起作用,且各遗传体系在不同成对性状间的作用效果各异,可溶性糖含量与糙米宽、可溶性糖含量与糙米厚、全N含量与糙米长、全N含量与糙米厚等成对性状间遗传相关性主要受种子直接效应的控制;而可溶性糖含量与糙米长宽比、可溶性糖含量与千粒重、可溶性糖含量与直链淀粉含量、全N含量与糙米宽、全N含量与糙米长宽比、糖氮比与糙米宽、糖氮比与糙米厚等成对性状则以母体植株效应为主。     

Evaluating eddy covariance method by large-scale weighing lysimeter in a maize field of northwest China

Accurate determination of evapotranspiration (ET) is useful to develop precise irrigation scheduling. Although eddy covariance (EC) is a direct method which is widely used to measure ET, its performance in arid region of northwest China is not clear. In this study, ET measured by EC (ET_EC) was compared with that by large-scale weighing lysimeter (ET_L) during the whole growing season of maize in 2009. Energy balance ratio was 0.84 for daytime fluxes, indicating that lack of energy balance closure occurred, so daytime ET_EC was adjusted by Bowen-ratio forced closure method. Compared to the corresponding ET_L, half-hourly daytime ET_EC was underestimated by 21.8% without the adjustment and 4.8% with the adjustment. Furthermore, nighttime ET_EC was adjusted using filtering/interpolation method. Mean error between half-hourly nighttime ET_EC and ET_L decreased from 30.2% without the adjustment to 10.3% with the adjustment. After such adjustment of day and night measurements, daily ET_EC was underestimated by 6.2% compared to ET_L. These results indicated that the adjusted ET_EC well matched with the ET_L. Moreover, the discrepancy of adjusted total ET_EC and ET_L was decreased to 3.2% after subtracting the overestimated ET by lysimeter resulting from irrigation and heavy rainfall events. Thus, after appropriate adjustments of observations, eddy covariance method is accurate in estimating maize ET in the arid region of northwest China.     

基于大涡模拟的水轮机内瞬态湍流场特性分析

基于三维瞬态N-S方程,采用大涡模拟方法中的Smargorinsky模型,应用模拟动静干扰效果较好的滑移网格技术,以标准k-ε模型稳态计算的结果作为初始条件,对某混流式水轮机全流道进行了的三维瞬态湍流数值模拟.用Fluent 6.3,采用非结构化的混合网格和压力速度耦合的PISO算法,成功地模拟了水轮机在运行中的各种瞬态细节过程,如涡旋的卷起、增长、合并、破碎和脱落.模拟结果给出了偏工况下水轮机导水机构和转轮流道内大尺度涡结构的瞬态发展演变过程.计算结果表明大涡模拟方法能较好地模拟水轮机内水流的瞬态流动特性和瞬时涡的发展演化过程,该方法可为探索研究水力机械复杂流道湍流运动状态下涡旋的形成机理提供有价值的参考.     

Direct measurements of carbon exchange at forest disturbance sites: a review of results with the eddy covariance method

ABSTRACT

Boreal and temperate forests cover a large part of the Earth. Forest ecosystems are a key focus for research because of their role in the carbon (C) balance and cycle. Increasing atmospheric temperatures, different disturbances (fire, storm and insects) and forest management (clear-cutting) will change considerably the C status of forest ecosystems. Using the eddy covariance (EC) method, we can define interactions among environmental factors that influence the C-balance and whether a forest ecosystem is functioning as a C-sink or C-source or possibly is C-neutral. In our review of published studies of different disturbances, we found that most of the post-disturbance studies based on EC method focused on the effects of forest fire and clear-cutting, only a few studies studies focused on the effects of storms and insects. Generally a forest is a C-source until several years after disturbance and then a forest is able to absorb C and become a C-sink. Recovery to C-sink status required up to 20 years in clear-cut areas. Recovery following wildfire disturbance was much longer, possibly more than 50 years. Recovery to C-sink status required approximately 5 years after storm and insect outbreak, however we can not predict overall recovery period because of the missing data.     

江汉平原稻-油连作系统冠层CO2通量变化特征

采用涡度相关法,于2010年和2011年对江汉平原水稻-油菜连作田冠层CO2通量进行周年观测,研究该系统CO2源、汇的季节和日变化规律。结果表明,CO2通量的日变化特征明显,各生育期平均CO2通量日变化幅度较大。将观测期通量数据插值后得到CO2净交换通量(NEE)的逐日变化过程,油菜收割后闲置期-中稻移栽期、分蘖期、拔节-抽穗期、乳熟期的平均NEE分别为1.63、-11.86、-20.61、-4.65g.m-2.d-1;水稻收割后的闲置期、油菜苗期-现蕾期、抽薹期、开花期、绿熟期平均NEE值分别为2.18、0.43、-5.00、-11.70、-13.91g.m-2.d-1。全年稻-油连作农田生态系统净CO2吸收量为19.26 t.hm-2。     

华北平原冬小麦/夏玉米轮作田能量闭合状况分析

对华北平原冬小麦/夏玉米轮作田连续3a(2003-11-2006-10)涡度相关观测的能量闭合状况进行综合分析,并探讨下垫面对能量闭合程度的影响.结果表明,能量平衡比率(EBR)日变化规律明显,以昼夜交替时波动最大,下午略高于上午,白天能量闭合状况明显优于夜间.将湍流能的相位提前0.5h,湍流通量和有效能的匹配度及能量闭合程度均得到提高.白天EBR呈秋冬高(分别为0.98和0.94)、春夏低(分别为0.85和0.70)的季节变化特征,EBR的波动幅度依次为:夏＞秋＞冬＞春.下垫面状况对地表能量闭合程度影响显著,裸地阶段、小麦季和玉米季的年均白天EBR分别为1.11、0.94和0.74,小麦季的能量闭合状况优于玉米季;EBR波动幅度依次为:裸地阶段＞玉米季＞小麦季.观测期间,白天EBR年均值范围在0.82 ～0.97,平均0.89,较好地满足了农田通量观测对数据质量的要求.     

覆膜和露地旱作春玉米生长与蒸散动态比较

利用土壤水分传感器、微型蒸渗仪与涡度相关系统,连续监测覆膜和露地春玉米田土壤水分、蒸发和农田蒸散,分析春玉米田蒸散与土壤蒸发变化规律,探讨了覆膜玉米高产节水增效的机理。结果表明:与露地相比,覆膜的表层土壤温度和体积含水率分别提高4.9%和19.5%。覆膜、露地处理玉米出苗率分别为99.0%和80.0%,其差异为显著水平,覆膜提早春玉米各生育阶段平均为7d,全生育期缩短11d。生育前期、中期,覆膜的叶面积指数、株高和地上、地下干物质均显著高于露地的,播种一个月后差异最大,分别高110.2%、13.5%、42.9%和12.7%。玉米拔节期前(6月前)和8月后至玉米成熟,覆膜的农田蒸散量分别比露地的低6.8%和0.4%,但6-8月覆膜的比露地的高5.1%。全生育期覆膜的农田蒸散量为376.2mm,降低了6.0%,且土壤蒸发降低了57.7%。最终单株平均果穗质量、生物量差异不显著。但是,由于覆膜显著提高了出苗率从而增加了单位面积生物产量和经济产量,增幅分别为23.7%和15.3%。同时,覆膜作物水分利用效率提高了22.6%,达到31.3kg/(hm2·mm)。可见,覆膜能显著降低土壤蒸发和农田总蒸散量;保水增温促出苗,提前玉米各生育期;生育中期日蒸散量和干物质积累速率较高;最终显著提高单位面积生物产量和经济产量以及作物水分利用效率。     

Flow-field observations of a tidally driven island wake used by marine mammals in the Bay of Fundy, Canada

Correlations between fine‐scale oceanographic features and aggregations of marine mammals are frequently reported, but the physical forces shaping these relationships are rarely explored. We conducted a series of oceanographic observations and remote sensing surveys of an oceanographic feature near Grand Manan Island known to attract marine mammals on flood tides. We tracked drift drogues from cliff‐top with a theodolite and conducted box‐type surveys with an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) to assess flow patterns within the oceanographic feature. The feature was also visualized with Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) scenes. Drift drogues were advected towards a shear line originating near the northern tip of the island and entrained in one or more eddies downstream. ADCP surveys confirmed the presence of the shear line between rapid easterly flow and slower return flow. As the tide progressed, the shear line extended and manifested a single anti‐cyclonic eddy at its distal end. As the flood tide progressed, northerly flow along the eastern shore of the island intensified and deflected the shear line northwards, shedding the eddy at slack high water. SAR images confirmed the presence of the shearline and eddy system, illustrating the evolution of a wake behind the island on flood tides. Profiles of flow direction and acoustic backscatter revealed secondary flows within the wake consistent with models and observations of other wakes. Oceanographic and remote sensing observations confirm that an island wake is generated by tidal flow past Grand Manan Island and provide an ecological context for the predictable aggregations of odontocete and mysticete cetaceans observed foraging within this region.     

Variability in energy partitioning and resistance parameters for a vineyard in northwest China

Grapevines are extensively grown in the semiarid and arid regions, but little information is available on the variability of energy partitioning and resistance parameters for the vineyard. To address this question, an eddy covariance system was applied to measure energy balance over a vineyard in northwest China during 2005-2006. Result indicated that 2-year average Bowen ratio (β) of vineyard was 1.0, canopy resistance (r_c) 289.3 s m⁻¹, aerodynamic resistance (r_a) 9.7 s m⁻¹ and climatological resistance (r_i) 117 s m⁻¹. This implied that the annual energy was split almost equally between sensible heat and latent heat. Compared to the corresponding values in other ecosystems reported by Wilson et al. [Wilson, K.B., Baldocchi, D.D., Aubinet, M., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C., Dolman, H., Falge, E., Field, C., Goldstein, A., Granier, A., Grelle, A., Halldor, T., Hollinger, D., Katul, G., Law, B.E., Lindroth, A., Meyers, T., Moncrieff, J., Monson, R., Oechel, W., Tenhunen, J., Valentini, R., Verma, S., Vesala, T., Wofsy, S., 2002. Energy partitioning between latent and sensible heat flux during the warm season at FLUXNET sites. Water Resource Research 38, 1294-1305.], the vineyard had a higher β, r_c and r_i than deciduous forests, corn and soybean, and grassland. Such difference was mainly attributed to (1) serious water stress in 2005, which resulted in a greater r_c up to 364.4 s m⁻¹; (2) sparse canopy with row spacing of 2.9 m and plant spacing of 1.8 m; (3) warm-dry climate and high attitude (1581 m) along with higher r_i and lower psychrometer (54 Pa K⁻¹) in the arid region of northwest China. These characters of vineyard revealed varying process of energy partitioning and surface resistance, and provided a scientific basis in understanding and modeling water and energy balance for the vineyard in the semiarid and arid regions.     

Oceanographic investigation of the American Samoa albacore (Thunnus alalunga) habitat and longline fishing grounds

The American Samoa fishing ground is a dynamic region with strong mesoscale eddy activity and temporal variability on scales of <1 week. Seasonal and interannual variability in eddy activity, induced by baroclinic instability that is fueled by horizontal shear between the eastward‐flowing South Equatorial Counter Current (SECC) and the westward‐flowing South Equatorial Current (SEC), seems to play an important role in the performance of the longline fishery for albacore. Mesoscale eddy variability in the American Samoa Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) peaks from March to April, when the kinetic energy of the SECC is at its strongest. Longline albacore catch tends to be highest at the eddy edges, while albacore catch per effort (CPUE) shows intra‐annual variability with high CPUE that lags the periods of peak eddy activity by about 2 months. When CPUE is highest, the values are distributed toward the northern half of the EEZ, the region affected most by the SECC. Further indication of the possible importance of the SECC for longline performance is the significant drop in eddy variability in 2004 when compared with that observed in 2003 – resulting from a weak SECC – which was accompanied by a substantial drop in albacore CPUE rates and a lack of northward intensification of CPUE. From an ecosystem perspective, evidence to support higher micronekton biomass in the upper 200 m at eddy boundaries is inconclusive. Albacore's vertical distribution seems to be governed by the presence of prey. Albacore spend most of their time between 150 and 250 m, away from the deep daytime and shallow nighttime sonic scattering layers, at depths coinciding with those of small local maxima in micronekton biomass whose backscattering properties are consistent with those of albacore's preferred prey. Settling depths of longline sets during periods of decreased eddy activity correspond to those most occupied by albacore, possibly contributing to the lower CPUE by reducing catchability through rendering bait less attractive to albacore in the presence of prey.